英语语法指北｜English Grammar
学习资源 📚
| 资源类型 | 学习资源 | 相关连接 | 创作者 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 📚书籍 | 《语法俱乐部》 | 传送门 | 旋元佑 |
| 🎥 视频 | 【干货之王】可能是唯一需要听的一节语法课 | B站 | Eli田瀚博 |
| 🎥 视频 | 英语学习的终极真理【五】：语法回炉指南 | B站 | Larry想做技术大佬 |
田总の语法指南 🚀
视频链接 🔗
【干货之王】可能是唯一需要听的一节语法课 https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1UL411j7Bq/?share_source=copy_web&vd_source=33934722b558a5cefa750c1a9be72249
核心概念 🚀
名词
A of B → 核心词是 A
动词
vt
vi
发生：happen/occur/take place
增长：rise
没有被动
look at/agree with
形容词
用来修饰名词
介词
介词 + 名词
介词短语的作用
修饰名词
修饰动词
常见的介词
In
on
for 介词 为了 / 连词 → 因为 + 句子 =because
of 对于 强调属性
A of B of C 核心词是 A（B修饰A）
be of = have = be adj.
with 和/用
to
over + n. 超过
over 抽象名词 = to/of 对于
across 遍布、跨越
around
go around 走来走去
walk around
lie around
about 关于
about + 数字 → 大约
between A and B
between 名词复数
at 在
副词 adv.
修饰 动词/形容词/副词
冠词
a → 一个 泛指
the → 就是让读者区理解到底是“哪一个”
The → 翻译成“这个”
代词
任何代词在阅读中，需要去找指代。
This/it 当主语 → 代替上一句话
量词
A … of n. 一堆…
A number of books → 核心 books
The number of books → 核心 number
A number of + 可数名词
The number of + 可数名词
An amount of = a great deal of + 不可数名词
The amount of
句型
主谓宾
I love you
I am happy
I am in school
定语 = adj. → 修饰名词
状语 = adv. → 修饰动词
主语从句：主语本身是个句子
主语从句做主语（从句中的谓语根据从句中的主语来定），主句谓语用单数
how/what/where 引导
that 引导
That you read books is interesting
宾语从句
写作中 that 不要省略
阅读时，要小心 that 可能省略
状语从句
关系连词 + 分句，主句（主谓宾）
主句（主谓宾）， 关系连词 + 分句
本质：修饰动词
while
分句有进行时 → 一般是“当”
分句无进行时 → 一般是“尽管”=although
although/though/while
as 介词：作为 + n
连词：句子
当/随着
主句一个现象，as … → 翻译成“因为”
as sb/sth v. → 正如 句首/插入语
as ___ as
as adj. as → 第一个as忽略，第二个as翻译成正如
This city is as beautiful as shanghai.
This city is as in increase in population as shanghai.
定语从句
本质就是形容词
只和修饰的名词（先行词）有关，与句子中的其他部分无关
先行词作宾语时，that 和 which 可以省略。
I like this book that is red.→ 不能省略
I like this book that he reads. → I like this book he reads.
加逗号（搞清楚which修饰谁）
I like to read these books, which makes me happy.
I like to read these books, which make me happy.
介词 + 定语从句 + 完整的句子
I like this book in which there are words ✅
I like this book in which I like ❌
理解介词本身的意思
把which代替成修饰词
I know a lot of friends among which there are many doctors.
where 和 when 引导的定语从句
where 修饰地点，任何可以用in来去描述的范围
I like the atmosphere in your school where I can learn many things.
定语从句和状语从句的区别
I like December, when I can play soccer.（状语从句，修饰谓语）
I like December, when I can play soccer.（定语从句，修饰名词）
非谓语动词
先读主谓宾
也是动词，但凡是动词，就要去想是谁发出的。
没有逗号
I like this book making me happy
This book making me happy is good.
有逗号的
动名词做主语
Ving + 宾语 + 谓语（单数） + 宾语
形式主语
It is adj for sb to do sth
It is portable for me to use my laptop. ❌
It is convenient for me to use my laptop. ❌
It is adj that …
It is important that we should read books.
同位语从句
解释名词内容，只能用that
I like this piece of news that is fresh 定语从句
I like this piece of news that I can read books 同位语从句
I like this idea/opinion/news/story/ that …
There be → 有
本质 There be + n. 整体是一个完整的句子
There is no + n.
It is adj. for sb to do sth
It is ____ that ____
It is my school that has this computer
Do + 动词原形
I do like my job
倒装
本质：主谓宾 → 宾谓主
否定副词打头，后面句子半倒装
否定副词 谓语 主 宾语
I rarely finished this
rarely have I finished this
only/rarely/barely/seldom/hardly/nor/merely/neither
with/without
with → 介词短语、不能当主句
with n.
with jksdlafj;afjsalkfj, + 主谓宾
with n.
with A doing/done sth → 伴随着
without
状语 修饰动词
在没有…的情况下
I can read this book without computer.
插入语：可以用任何东西、任何形式
可以用逗号隔开
也可以用扩折号隔开
I like XXX, the/a YYY ….
Y的范围 > X
I like WTO, the/an organization that was …
核心问题 🎯
Larryの语法指南 🚀
视频链接 🔗
【英语学习的终极真理【五】：语法回炉指南】 https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV13v4y147P4/?share_source=copy_web&vd_source=33934722b558a5cefa750c1a9be72249
核心概念 🚀
- 主 谓 宾 定（形容词属性成分） 状（副词属性成分） 补（名词 or 形容词成分）
- 名词、形容词（修饰名词）、副词（修饰动词、形容词、副词）
- 简单句的五种基本句型
核心问题 🎯
- 句子的概念
- 连词的作用
- 动词的基础分类（简单句的五种基本句型）
- 名词属性成分
- 形容词属性成分
- 副词属性成分
学习自测 🧑🏻💻
分清 名词属性成分、**形容词属性成分、副词属性成分**
Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking strawberries saw ‘a large cat’ only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of ‘cat-like noises’ at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
语法の详细知识点 📚
简单句
学习资源 🚀
| 资源类型 | 学习资源 | 相关连接 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 📚书籍 | 《语法俱乐部》第一章 | 传送门 | 简单句的类型 |
| 🎥 视频 | Types of Verbs | YT | 动词的分类 |
知识点 🧑🏻💻
5种基本的简单句类型
- S + V
- S + V + O
- S + V + O + C
- S + V + O + O
- S + V + C
简单句由「动词的分类」划分。
动词的分类
一、不及物动词 Vi.
不及物动词 是指在句子中 不需要直接宾语 来完整表达其意思的动词。
不及物动词 通常用于描述主体的动作、状态、情感或位置，本身就足够构成一个完整的句子。
常见的不及物动词
- 走（walk）：He walks in the park.
- 跑（run）：She runs every morning.
- 坐（sit）：I am sitting on the bench.
- 站（stand）：They stand by the window.
- 笑（laugh）：We laughed at the funny movie.
- 哭（cry）：The baby is crying loudly.
- 睡（sleep）：He sleeps peacefully.
- 飞（fly）：Birds fly in the sky.
- 游泳（swim）：They swim in the pool.
- 唱歌（sing）：She sings beautifully.
- 跳舞（dance）：They danced all night.
- 等待（wait）：We wait for the bus.
- 出现（appear）：The stars appear at night.
二、及物动词 Vt.
及物动词 是指 需要一个直接宾语 来完成其意义的动词，直接宾语是动作的接受者或者受影响的对象。
三、系动词
系动词 是一类特殊的动词，它们用于 连接主语和主语补足语 而 不是表示动作。
系动词 将主语与后面的补足语联系起来，帮助描述主语 的状态、性质、特征或者身份。
常见的系动词包括：
be (是、在)：如 am、is、are、was、were、being、been。
She is a teacher.
They were tired.
seem (似乎、看起来)
- The movie seems interesting.
appear (出现、显得)
- The stars appear bright tonight.
become (变成、成为)
- She became a successful musician.
feel (感觉)
- He feels happy.
look (看起来)
- The dress looks beautiful on her.
sound (听起来)
- The music sounds soothing
taste (尝起来)
- The soup tastes delicious.
词性
一、成分
| 句子成分 | 词性 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语 | 名词、代词、动名词等 | 句子的主要陈述对象，表示“谁”或“什么”执行动作或处于某种状态。 |
| 谓语 | 动词 | 表示主语的动作、状态或存在，构成句子的核心部分。 |
| 宾语 | 名词 | 表示动作的承受者，即“谁”或“什么”受到动作的影响。 |
| 定语 | 形容词、名词、代词等 | 修饰名词或代词的成分，表示人或事物的性质、特征或归属。 |
| 状语 | 副词、介词短语等 | 修饰动词、形容词或句子，表示时间、地点、原因、方式等。 |
关于定语、表语、 补语
成分 修饰对象 位置 主要作用 例子 定语 名词或代词 名词前后（前置/后置） 修饰或限定名词/代词 The red apple is sweet. 表语 主语 系动词之后 说明主语的状态、特性、身份 He is a doctor. 补语 主语或宾语 动词后面 补充说明主语或宾语的状态或结果 They made him captain. (宾语补语)
- 定语：The girl with a red hat is singing.
- 定语修饰名词 “girl”。
- 表语：The girl is a singer.
- 表语说明主语 “girl” 的身份。
- 补语：We called the girl a singer.
- 补语 “a singer” 补充说明宾语 “the girl” 的身份。
二、疑问词词性
| 疑问词 | 词性 |
|---|---|
| that | 名词 / None |
| which | 名词、形容词 |
| who | 名词 |
| what | 名词、形容词 |
| when | 副词 |
| where | 副词 |
| why | 副词 |
| how | 副词 |
句子类型
一、简单句
根据动词的不同种类，简单句 分为 五种基本类型
| 句子类型 | 句子实例 | 动词类别 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语 + 谓语 | Sam smiled / I walk | 不及物动词 |
| 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 | I love you | 及物动词 |
| 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 | I am a teacher / She looks good | 系动词 |
| 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语 | I give you a book | 及物动词 |
| 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 补语 | I find the trip exciting / His college training made him a teacher / They consider his demands reasonable | 及物动词 |
二、并列句
并列句是由两个或更多个简单句连接在一起，通过特定的 连词 来连接，以表示它们之间的关系。
以下是一些常见的并列连词：
- and（和）：连接两个相似或相关的句子，表示陈述的事实、信息等。
- but（但是）：表示对比、转折或相反的关系，用于连接两个意义上相对的句子。
- or（或者）：表示选择关系，用于列举可能的选项。
- so（所以）：表示因果关系，连接一个结果句子和一个原因句子。
- for（因为）：表示原因或解释，用于连接一个原因句子和一个结果句子。
- yet（然而）：表示转折关系，用于连接两个意义相对的句子。
- nor（也不）：用于否定句子，表示两个或多个否定情况。
- either…or（要么…要么）：表示两个或多个选项中的任何一个。
- neither…nor（既不…也不）：表示两个或多个否定的选项。
以下是一些示例：
- She likes to read books, and he prefers to watch movies. 她喜欢读书，他更喜欢看电影。
- The weather was cold, but we still went for a walk. 天气很冷，但我们还是去散步了。
- You can choose either tea or coffee. 你可以选择茶或咖啡。
- He neither likes to swim nor play tennis. 他既不喜欢游泳也不喜欢打网球。
定语从句
定语从句的结构：先行词 + 关系词 + 从句
定语从句的本质是修饰词。
看到定语从句时，要想这个部分是修饰哪个词，然后把它和那个词看作是一个整体，这样有利于在长难句中避开繁杂的修饰，快速抓住句子主干。
限定性的定语从句：对先行词进行限定，句子的意义不完整时必须要用定语从句。（无逗号）
限定性定语从句修饰 离得最近 的先行词
- I have an apple that/which is red.
- I love the book (that/which) you read.（当先行词为从句宾语时，that/which可以省略）
非限定性的定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，句子的意义即使去掉从句也完整。（有逗号）
非限定性可以修饰一整个句子，只能是which
- I love reading books, which is useful.
- 从 is 可以推断，修饰的是前面整个句子
- I love reading books, which are useful.
- 从 are 可以推断，修饰的是 books
带介词的定语从句
介词 + which + 完整的句子
翻译的时候，从前往后顺着翻译即可，可以分为以下两步：
- 理解介词的意思
- 把 which 替换成修饰词
- I know a lot of friends among which there are many doctors.
- 我认识很多朋友，在这些朋友中，有不少是医生。
- I love this table on which there is a book.
- 我喜欢这个桌子，在这个桌子上，有一本书
关系代词
- who：指代人，作主语或宾语。
- The man who called me is my teacher. （作主语）
- whom：指代人，作宾语。
- The girl whom you met yesterday is my sister. （作宾语）
- whose：表示所属关系，修饰名词。
- The boy whose father is a lawyer is my friend.
- which：指代物，作主语或宾语。
- The car which I bought last year is very fast.
- that：指代人或物，作主语或宾语。
- The house that was built last year is expensive.
关系副词
- when：指代时间，等同于“介词 + which”。
- I will never forget the day when we first met.（= the day on which）
- where：指代地点，等同于“介词 + which”。
- This is the place where I was born.
（= the place in which）
- This is the place where I was born.
- why：指代原因，等同于“for which”。
- I don’t know the reason why he left.
（= the reason for which）
- I don’t know the reason why he left.
状语从句
省略主语
- When I am happy, I play soccer → When happy, I play soccer
- 从句和主句主语一致，可以省略从句的主语（主动）
- When A is done, A is … → When done, A is …
- 从句和主句主语一致，可以省略从句的主语（被动）
交换从句和主句次序，不影响含义
- When I am happy, I play soccer
- I play soccer, When happy
There be句型
有
There be + n. 整体是一个完整的句子
There is no + n.
there might be
there is going to be
强调句
倒装句
主谓宾 → 宾谓主
非谓语动词
非谓语动词 是动词的一种形式，不用于表达动作或状态的主谓关系，而是用于在句子中充当其他成分或表达其他含义。
在英语中，非谓语动词主要有三种形式：动词不定式、动名词和现在分词（也叫动词-ing形式）。
Larryの总结
- 一个句子里，只能有一个谓语动词。（因为非谓语动词已经不是动词了）
- 非谓语动词 = 名词成分 or 形容词成分 or 副词成分
- 非谓语动词虽然当作名词、形容词、副词来用，丹具备动词的一些属性（如可以用副词修饰）
不定式
| 句子 | 句子主干动词 | 不定式成分 |
|---|---|---|
| To live in Beijing is to eat in Beijing | is | 名词成分 |
| I like to read books | like | 名词成分 |
| The next job to do is not known | is | 形容词成分 |
| I read books to broaden my vision | read | 副词成分 |
动名词（名词）
| 句子 | 句子主干动词 | 动名词成分 |
|---|---|---|
| I like dancing on the floor | like | dancing → 名词成分 |
| Swimming is fun | is | swimming → 名词成分 |
分词（形容词、副词）
China is a developing country
| 句子 | 句子主干动词 | 分词成分 |
|---|---|---|
| China is a developing country | is | developing → 形容词成分 |
在研究 非谓语动词 时，要 思考 动作的发出者是谁
从一个不断精简的句子，看非谓语动词
- The girl wears a red skirt and she is my girlfriend
- and 连接的复合句
- The girl who wears a red skirt is my girlfriend
- 定语从句，减少部分重复信息
- The girl wearing a red skirt is my girlfriend
- 非谓语动词，girl 和 wear 是 主动关系，所以使用 ing 形式
三种形式
- I like eating fruits having juice
- 主动
- I like eating fruits bought by my mother
- 被动
- I like eating fruits to keep healthy
- to do
Doing 句首结构
句首看见 doing，立马想到以下2个框架
- Reading many books, I can learn a lot of things. （非谓语）
- Playing games is interesting. （动名词作主语）
介词
A of B
A of B 的重点是 A
As … as
Your books are as useful in many fields as my book
三步法
- 第一个 as 没有意思，可以去掉
- 连接主句和 as 中间内容
- 第二个 as 理解为「正如」
Your books are as useful in many fields as my book
for
- ≈ because
- 起「连词」作用，连接句子
since
- 因为
- 自从 + 时间
with & without
with ….., 主谓宾
with n.
with A doing/done sth 伴随着
without n. 做状语，修饰动词
difference between
- difference between A and B
- A 和 B 要可比
- difference between n.(pl)
- 在同一类别里比
形式主语
It is +n./adj. +(for/of sb.) to do sth.
- It is important to learn math
- It is +n./adj. +(for/of sb.) to do sth
- It is useful that I learn math
- It is adj that …
同位语
本质：***解释名词内容***
案例
- The news that his child was safe eased his mind
- news 的内容是 his child was safe
- The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result
- question 的内容是 whether it is right or wrong
- I have no idea when he will come back
- idea 的内容是 when he will come back
定语从句 VS 同位语从句
定语从句中的引导词，比如that（指代先行词）要在从句中承担成分
- I know the secret that made you angry yesterday
- 其中的that指代the secret，并在从句that made you angry中做主语。
- I know the secret that made you angry yesterday
同位语从句中，引导词不作任何成分
- I know the secret that you like Jack
- 其中the secret就是you like Jack, that完全可以省略掉。
- I know the secret that you like Jack
however
- however, … → 然而
- 表示转折
- however + adj. → 无论多么 adj.
- （与形容词或副词连用）无论到什么程度，不管多么
